Berserk
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Re: Channeling Agendas: A Reply to Roger
Reply #121 - Apr 25th, 2005 at 2:41pm
Chris,
I'm sympathetic with your reluctance to read my thread all the way through. I never intended it to become the longest thread ever developed on this site. You're essentially correct about what you say about Seth. The relevant post is reply #1 on p. 1 of this thread.
I agree with Firebird that the evidence for Christ's crucifixion is verified by "overwhelming" evidence. But one's assessment of evidence regarding a controversial figure is in the eye of the beholder. There are groups who insist that the Apollo moon landing has little evidence to support it and that the moon landing was faked in a New Mexico hangar. As for Jesus' crucifixion, Firebird can capably speak for himself.
I would make three claims about this question: (1) The Gospels can be connected with eyewitness testimony. But of course eyewitnesses can be misinformed and can be deceptive. However, I think the Gospel witness is basically reliable. There is an overwhelming SECULAR scholarly consensus that Jesus was in fact crucified. But I concede that "overwhelming" is perhaps too leaded a term for arguments about ancient events.
(2) We can even piece together the negative version of Jesus' life circulated by His first and second century detractors. This version is substantially a tissue of lies, but even it concedes that Jesus was in fact crucified. If you wish, I can develop (1) and (2) in detail. I hesitate to do so because this does not really advance the purpose of Bruce's site.
(3) I will take the liberty of refuting one false claim made recently on this site. Posters clamed that Josephus is the only early non-Christian witness to Jesus' crucifixion and that his references to Jesus can be dismissed as later Christian interpolations. These posters are wrong on both counts.
(a) Josephus was born a few years after Jesus' death. The Greek version of his fullest allusion to Jesus seems too sympathetic for a Pharisee like Josephus and has apparently been revised by a later Christian hand. But the Arabic version of this allusion reflects Josephus's style and lacks the bias of the Greek version. It seems to preserve the original wording. It reads:
"At that time there was a wise man who was called Jesus, and he was known to be virtuous. And many people from among the Jews and the other nations became his disciples. Pilate condemned him to be crucified and to die. And those who had become his disciples did not abandon his discipleship. THEY REPORTED that he had appeared to them after his crucifixion and that he was alive. Accordingly, he was PERHAPS the Messiah concerning whom the prophets hav recounted wonders (Josephus, Antiquities 18.3.3)."
Note that Jpsephus is positive, tentative, and yet ultimately neutral about Jesus.
(b) Modern scholarship accepts the other allusion to Jesus in Josephus is beyond dispute:
"He [the high priest Annas] assembled the sanhedrin of the judges, and brought before them JAMES, THE BROTHER OF JESUS THE SO-CALLED CHRIST, and some of his companions, and when he had levelled an accusation against them as breakers of the Law, he delivered them to be stoned (Josephus, Antiquities 20.9.1)."
(c) It is wrong to claim that no other ancient non-Christian historian referred to Jesus. Two non-Christian first century historians bear independent witness to the awesome events described in Matthew 27, but interpret this bizarre phenomenon as a 3-hour solar eclipse:
"From noon on, darkness came over the whole land, until 3 in the afternoon...At that moment [Jesus' death], the curtain of the Temple was torn in two, from top to bottom. The earth shook and the rocks were split (Matthew 27:45, 51)."
Both Thalles (52 AD) and Phlegon (also first century) were freedmen of Tiberius, the emperor at the time of Jesus' crucifixion. Both of their histories are now lost, but are quoted by the Christian historian Julius Africanus in 220 AD. Julius takes issue wth their interpretation of the darkness as a 3-hour solar eclipse from noon till 3 PM during Jesus' crucifixion. Others apparently dismissed this event as a mass 3-hour hallucination. Julius Afircanus feels strongly that they are underestimating the supernatural character of what actually happened that day in Jerusalem:
"On the whole world there passed a most fearful darkness, and the rocks were rent by an earthquake, an many places in Judea and other districts were thrown down. This darkness, THALLES, IN THE THIRD BOOK OF HIS HISTORY, calls, as appears to me without reason, an eclipse of the sun. For the Hebrews celebrated the Passover on the 14th day according to the moon, and the passion of our Savior falls on the day before the Passover; but an eclipse of the sun takes place only when the moon comes under the sun...But let opinion pass and carry the majority with it, and let the portent of the world be deemed an eclipse of the sun, like others, a portent only to the eye (i.e., a hallucination). PHLEGON RECORDS THAT, in the time of Tiberias Caesar, at full moon, there was a full eclipse of the sun from the 6th hour to the 9th (i.e. noon to 3 PM)--manifestly that one of which we speak. But what has an eclipse in common with an earthquake, the rending of rocks, and the resurrection of the dead, and so great a perturbation throughout the universe? Surely no such event as this is recorded for a long time (18:1)."
A Roman inscription in Greek from time of Emperor Claudius (40 AD) has been found near Jesus' home town, Nazareth. The inscription warns the residents against grave-robbing and apparently reflects the Roman belief that Jesus' disciples stole Jesus' body and then claimed that He had risen from the dead.
In the early 2nd century, two other Roman historians, Tacitus (115 AD) and Suetonius (120 AD) refer to Christ. Suetonius refers to Christ as "Chrestus" and Tacitus refers to Christians as "Chrestians," but it is clear that Christ is intended. "Chrestus" is a common name in Latin, whereas "Christus" is unprecedented. So the spelling is altered to make it more familiar to Romans. Tacitus refers to Jesus' execution by Pontius Pilate (Annals 15:44). Lucian, another 2nd century pagan dismisses Jesus as "a crucified idiot."
Don
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